Corporate Documents

1

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Special Resolution of T-Alfa Investments Company Limited, November 7, 2013.

2

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Special Resolution of Conex Energy Co. Ltd, November 26, 2013.

3

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Southcore Investment Ltd, February 25, 2013.

4

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Transfer of Shares of Yiekarot General Trade Co. Ltd, August 6, 2015.

5

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Kona Group Co Ltd, October 22, 2013.

6

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Mayair Company Limited, June 18, 2014.

7

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Pan-Teak BBM Company, March 24, 2016.

8

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Gemtel Limited, November 2, 2006.

9

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Bizotic Group Co. Ltd., October 22, 2013.

10

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Ordinary Resolution of Bizotic Group Co. Ltd., November 22, 2013.

11

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Board Resolution of Gemtel Limited, September 24, 2015.

12

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Caltec Corporation Ltd, February 26, 2014.

13

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Cannington Investments Ltd, September 25, 2013.

14

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Special Resolution of Conex Energy Co. Ltd, November 26, 2013.

15

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Finejet Africa Holdings, December 7, 2012.

16

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Finejet SS Limited, June 7, 2010.

17

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Fortune Minerals & Construction Ltd, March 23, 2016.

18

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of GI Mining and Minerals Corporation Ltd, October 24, 2013.

19

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Lukiza Limited, February 12, 2010.

20

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Mango Airlines South Sudan Ltd, October 4, 2010.

21

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Meta International Trading Co Ltd, May 31, 2012.

22

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Special Resolution of Paradise Energy Global Ltd, May 28, 2012.

23

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Paradise Energy Global Ltd, August 6, 2010.

24

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Special Resolution of Patriots Group Co Ltd, November 13, 2012.

25

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Rocky Mining Industries Limited, September 10, 2009.

26

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Sekoko Power (SS) Ltd, April 19, 2016.

27

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Company/Business Name Search of Caltec Corporation Ltd, January 4, 2023.

28

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Company/Business Name Search of Conex Energy Co. Ltd, July 8, 2022.

29

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Company/Business Name Search of Falcon Logistics Solution Ltd, July 8, 2022.

30

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Company/Business Name Search of South Link Petroleum Limited, October 15, 2021.

31

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Company/Business Name Search of Aromku Limited, October 15, 2021.

32

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Company/Business Name Search of Nile Investment Partners Ltd, October 15, 2021.

33

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Company/Business Name Search of Rocky Mining Industries Limited, February 8, 2021.

34

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Company/Business Name Search of Afriland First Bank South Sudan Plc, February 8, 2021.

35

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Specialist Services Company Ltd, May 21, 2015.

36

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Air Afrik Aviation Limited, May 7, 2013.

37

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Board of Directors Resolution of Yallouris Construction Limited, August 11, 2014.

38

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Agapi International Investment Company Limited, July 3, 2013.

39

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Air South Sudan, November 11, 2011.

40

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Al Khwaja Engineering & Contractors Co Ltd, November 15, 2012.

41

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Ayen Achom Holdings Company Limited, November 15, 2006.

42

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Special Resolution of Ayen Enterprises Ltd, June 26, 2015.

43

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Ayen Model Forex Plc, July 27, 2010.

44

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Ayen Model International Ltd, June 5, 2007.

45

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Special Resolution of Burduras Petroleum Co. Ltd, October 9, 2013.

46

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Carec Capital Ltd, October 23, 2014.

47

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of East International Investment Co Ltd, July 1, 2015.

48

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Ordinary Board Resolution of Ebony National Bank Limited, November 26, 2013.

49

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Elite Limited, May 6, 2014.

50

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Falcon Logistics Solution Ltd, September 25, 2014.

51

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Greg Motors Company Limited, February 6, 2014.

52

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Hidden Talents Company Limited, March 31, 2016.

53

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Kenstate Limited, September 25, 2007.

54

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Mercinia Company Limited, November 15, 2013.

55

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Special Resolution of MGI Energy Ltd, September 19, 2012.

56

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Mobisouth Limited, November 28, 2013.

57

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Paradise Energy Global Ltd, August 6, 2010.

58

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Special Resolution of Paragon Africana Co. Ltd, May 29, 2012.

59

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Royal Wings Aviation Limited, September 18, 2014.

60

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of South Gateway In-vestment Co. Ltd, August 21, 2014.

61

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Shares Transfer of South Sudan Commercial Bank, June 5, 2015.

62

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Board of Directors Resolution of Teresa for Trade and Investment Co. Ltd, October 14, 2015.

63

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Time Insurance Co Ltd, November 27, 2013.

64

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of The Frontier Logistics, Clearing and Forwarding Co. Ltd, September 26, 2011.

65

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Trend for Travel and Tourism, January 23, 2014.

66

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Vasilico Investments Co. Ltd, November 29, 2011.

67

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Vision Investment Company Limited, November 7, 2013.

68

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Wau Cement Plant Ltd, October 3, 2011.

69

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Yeni Investment Co Ltd, December 5, 2011.

70

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Resolution of Action Line International Ltd, August 13, 2014.

71

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Adutch Medical Services Co. Ltd, March 19, 2011.

72

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Africa International Construction & Engineering Ltd, August 13, 2013.

73

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Africell Ltd, June 4, 2013.

74

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Attraction International Investment Co Ltd, March 28, 2007.

75

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Ayang for Roads and Bridges Co Ltd, February 3, 2014.

76

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Petronalfa Energy Ltd, September 14, 2010.

77

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Cannington Investments Ltd, September 26, 2013.

78

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Resolution of Car Parking Management and Automated System Limited, October 14, 2015.

79

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of City Textiles Co Ltd, May 19, 2016.

80

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Board Member Resolution of Conex Real Estate Co. Ltd., November 2, 2015.

81

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of CPA Petroleum Limited, November 30, 2015.

82

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Edam Investment Company Ltd, 2015.

83

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Euro-Afro Trade & Consult Ltd, July 31, 2014.

84

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Finejet S.S. Limited, June 7, 2010.

85

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Golden Square Logistics Co. Ltd, March 11, 2016.

86

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Board Resolution of Green SS Co Ltd, September 6, 2015.

87

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of GST Andromeda International Limited, November 26, 2013.

88

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Independence Bank of South Sudan Plc, July 18, 2013.

89

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Interafrica & Investment Co Ltd, December 3, 2010.

90

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Inter-State Airways Limited, October 18, 2012.

91

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Jubabet Limited, June 16, 2016.

92

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Mag Investments Co Ltd, March 23, 2011.

93

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Marsland South Sudan Airline Ltd, June 13, 2011.

94

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Meta International Trading Co Ltd, May 31, 2012.

95

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of MGI Media Communications Ltd, August 6, 2012.

96

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Mohads Investments Ltd, May 19, 2015.

97

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Special Resolution of Nile Link Petroleum Co Ltd, October 8, 2014.

98

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Nile Link Group Limited, November 21, 2014.

99

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Nile Link Petroleum Co Ltd, September 22, 2014.

100

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Special Resolution of Patriots Group Co Ltd, July 15, 2013.

101

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Petroleum Products Delivery Co Ltd, November 15, 2011.

102

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Smart Logistics & Factories Ltd, August 15, 2014.

103

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of South Sky Company Limited, February 27, 2015.

104

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Southcore Investment Ltd, February 25, 2013.

105

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Spider Security Co Ltd, October 15, 2015.

106

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Viva Nile Casino Co Ltd, August 13, 2015.

107

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Share Transfer Agreement of Yallouris Construction Limited, August 11, 2014.

108

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Yellow Star Enterprises Limited, February 5, 2007.

109

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Alok Insurance Company Limited, September 12, 2007.

110

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Speed Bank Limited, June 18, 2007.

111

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Speed Exchange and Money Transfer Co Ltd, September 10, 2007.

112

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of ABA Construction Co Ltd, September 6, 2007.

113

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of TN Company Ltd, October 17, 2007.

114

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Buffalo Commercial Bank Limited, February 7, 2007.

115

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Pagua for Construction and Logistics Ltd, December 11, 2009.

116

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Ayen Model Travel Agency Ltd, July 21, 2010.

117

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Arech Technical Services Ltd, May 20, 2011.

118

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of JV Real Estate Ltd, March 8, 2012.

119

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Notification of List of Directors and Secretary of the Company of PETAL Petroleum Limited, June 23, 2015.

120

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Kidus General Trading Co Ltd, November 2, 2012.

121

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Pan-African Petrogas & Mining Company Limited, January 24, 2013.

122

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Pan-African Petrogas & Mining Company Limited, January 24, 2013.

123

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Ebony Enginnering & Commercials Co Ltd, April 16, 2013.

124

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Ebony Consolidated Holdings Co Ltd, April 19, 2013.

125

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Subsaharan Biomedical Private Limited Company, May 15, 2013.

126

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Talk Today Holding Company Limited, September 5, 2013.

127

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Times Insurance Co Ltd, November 27, 2013.

128

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Ordinary Board Resolution of Times Insurance Co Ltd, November 16, 2015.

129

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Transfer of Shares of Times Insurance Co Ltd, November 20, 2015.

130

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Oil-Line Hydrocardon Ltd, October 6, 2014.

131

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of South Fuel Ltd, June 23, 2014.

132

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Transco Energy Ltd, July 8, 2014.

133

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of V.H.W Company Limited, November 22, 2013.

134

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Mid South Energy and Construction Co Ltd, March 4, 2016.

135

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Combined Holding Limited, February 29, 2016.

136

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Special Resolution of Core International Co Ltd, May 24, 2016.

137

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Mathew Awan General Trading Co Ltd, October 9, 2015.

138

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Deep West Petroleum Company Limited, October 7, 2015.

139

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Butterfly International Co Ltd, September 17, 2015.

140

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Guirku Panda International Trading Co Ltd, September 14, 2015.

141

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Maxim Events Ltd, June 19, 2015.

142

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Precious Co Ltd, June 5, 2015.

143

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Nilo Sports Co Ltd, October 27, 2014.

144

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Africana Properties Company Limited, October 24, 2014.

145

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Nile Basin for Aviation Services Ltd, October 21, 2014.

146

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Ordinary Board Resolution of Ebony National Bank Limited, March 9, 2016.

147

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Blackstone Carec Investment Ltd, August 20, 2015.

148

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Maltek Consult Limited, July 3, 2012.

149

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Documents for company number 21809.

150

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Liberty Engineering & Consulting Ltd, January 20, 2012.

151

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Arech Petroleum Southern Sudan Ltd, March 24, 2011.

152

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Excerpt from Memorandum and Articles of Association of Active Partner Group Co Ltd, February 21, 2011.

153

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Arech Real Estate & Building Ltd, January 7, 2010.

154

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Special Resolution of Arech Real Estate & Building Ltd, March 16, 2011.

155

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Arech Motors Group Ltd, September 7, 2010.

156

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of South Sudan Oil Export Corp Ltd, June 28, 2007.

157

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Ayan Yan Integrated Solutions Co Ltd, March 1, 2012.

158

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Dee-Jones-Vision Investment Company Limited, December 13, 2013.

159

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Change of Company Name of Gregas Marketing Ventures Ltd, May 14, 2015.

160

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Executive Sky SS.Ltd, April 26, 2013.

161

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Transco Energy Ltd, July 28, 2014.

162

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Special Resolution of Kokbuong Enterprises Co Limited , January 30, 2015.

163

South Sudan Ministry of Justice, Memorandum and Articles of Association of Bawei Energy & Mining Company Limited, February 18, 2013.

Sentry Reports

164

The Sentry, “Crude Dealings: How Oil-Backed Loans Raise Red Flags for Illegal Activity in South Sudan,” February 2023, available at: https://thesentry.org/reports/crudedealings/

165

The Sentry, “Undercover Activities: Inside the National Security Service's Profitable Playbook,” December 2022, available at: https://thesentry.org/reports/undercover-activities/

166

The Sentry, “Cash Grab: How a Billion-Dollar Credit Scam Robbed South Sudan of Fuel, Food, and Medicine,” October 2022, available at: https://thesentry.org/reports/cash-grab/

167

The Sentry, “The Metamorphosis of Ali Khalil Merhi: How a One-Time Fugitive Found Fortune in South Sudan,” April 2021, available at: https://thesentry.org/reports/metamorphosisofmerhi/

168

The Sentry, “Making a Killing: South Sudanese Military Leaders' Wealth, Explained,” May 2020, available at: https://thesentry.org/reports/making-a-killing/

169

The Sentry, “Untapped and Unprepared: Dirty Deals Threaten South Sudan's Mining Sector,” April 2020, available at: https://thesentry.org/reports/untapped-unprepared/

170

The Sentry, “The Taking of South Sudan: The Tycoons, Brokers, and Multinational Corporations Complicit in Hijacking the World's Newest Nation,” September 2019, available at: https://thesentry.org/reports/taking-south-sudan/

171

The Sentry, “Making a Fortune While Making a Famine: The Illustrative Case of a South Sudanese General,” May 2017, available at: https://thesentry.org/reports/making-a-fortune-while-making-a-famine/

172

The Sentry, “Fueling Atrocities: Oil and War in South Sudan,” March 2018, available at: https://thesentry.org/reports/fueling-atrocities/

173

The Sentry, “War Crimes Shouldn’t Pay: Stopping the Looting and Destruction in South Sudan,” September 2016, available at: https://thesentry.org/reports/warcrimesshouldntpay/

174

Mark Ferullo, “Banking on War: Ending the Abuse of South Sudan’s Banking Sector by Political Elites and Pushing for Peace,” October 2018, available at: https://thesentry.org/reports/banking-on-war/

Other Citations

175

Transparency International, “Corruption Perceptions Index,” 2023, available at: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023

176

South Sudan, The Transitional Constitution of South Sudan, 2011, Article 120, available at: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/South_Sudan_2013.pdf?lang=en

177

Financial Action Task Force, “Politically Exposed Persons (Recommendations 12 and 22),” June 2013, available at: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/guidance/Guidance-PEP-Rec12-22.pdf.coredownload.pdf

178

Financial Action Task Force, “Trade-Based Money Laundering Risk Indicators,” March 2021, available at: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/reports/Trade-Based-Money-Laundering-Risk-Indicators.pdf

179

US Department of State, “2023 Investment Climate Statements: South Sudan,” 2023, available at: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-investment-climate-statements/south-sudan/

180

Radio Tamazuj, “Kiir Names Brother-in-Law Deputy Spy Chief,” December 2, 2021, available at: https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/kiir-names-brother-in-law-deputy-spy-chief

181

US Department of the Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control, “Treasury Sanctions Three Individuals for Their Roles in the Conflict in South Sudan,” Press Release, December 14, 2018, available at: https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm574

182

Ali Khalil Myree email response to The Sentry, March 3, 2020.

183

Trimble Land Administration, “South Sudan Mining Cadastre Portal,” South Sudan Ministry of Petroleum and Mining, on file with The Sentry.

184

Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), South Sudan data set, available at: www.acleddata.com

185

World Bank, “World Bank Report: With Peace and Accountability, Oil and Agriculture Can Support Early Recovery in South Sudan,” Press Release, June 15, 2022, available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/06/15/world-bank-report-with-peace-and-accountability-oil-and-agriculture-can-support-early-recovery-in-south-sudan

186

Financial Action Task Force, “Laundering the Proceeds of Corruption,” July 2011, available at: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/reports/Laundering%20the%20Proceeds%20of%20Corruption.pdf.coredownload.pdf

187

The Senate of the Republic of Kenya, “Sen. Moi Gideon Kipsielei,” available at: http://www.parliament.go.ke/node/3700 (last accessed October 7, 2024).

188

Mfonobong Nsehe, “Former Kenyan President Daniel Arap Moi Ordered to Pay $10 Million to Widow Over Land Grab,” Forbes, May 19, 2019, available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2019/05/19/former-kenyan-president-daniel-arap-moi-ordered-to-pay-10-million-to-widow-over-land-grab/

189

Brian Adeba, “Oversight Mechanisms, Regime Security, and Intelligence Service Autonomy in South Sudan,” Intelligence and National Security 35.6, April 26, 2020, p. 8, available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02684527.2020.1756624

190

The National Dialogue Consultative Workshop with the Security Forces, “South Sudan Security Forces Contribution to the National Dialogue: Security Sector Transformation and National Dialogue for Sustainable Peace and Development,” August 4-5, 2017, p. 63, available at: https://www.ssnationaldialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/National-Dialogue-ZeroDraft.pdf

191

Forbes Africa, “The Multi-Millionaire in the Mirror,” July 1, 2014, available at: https://www.forbesafrica.com/focus/2014/07/01/multi-millionaire-mirror/

192

United Nations Convention against Corruption Implementation Review Group, “State of implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption,” CAC/COSP/IRG/2022/CRP.9, November 10, 2022, available at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/WorkingGroups/ImplementationReviewGroup/7-11Nov2022/CAC-COSP-IRG-2022-CRP.9.pdf

193

Organization of African First Ladies for Development, “South Sudan,” available at: https://oaflad.org/en/members/south-sudan/ (last accessed May 17, 2024).

194

Central Intelligence Agency, “The World Factbook: South Sudan,” available at: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/ (last accessed May 17, 2024).

195

Financial Action Task Force, “South Sudan,” available at: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/countries/detail/South-Sudan.html

196

Financial Action Task Force, “Specific Risk Factors in Laundering the Proceeds of Corruption: Assistance to Reporting Institutions,” June 2012, available at: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/reports/Specific%20Risk%20Factors%20in%20the%20Laundering%20of%20Proceeds%20of%20Corruption.pdf

197

Pal Chol Nyam, “Blood Is Thicker Than Water: President Kiir Appoints His Brother in Law as Governor,” PaanlLuel, January 6, 2017, available at: https://paanluelwel.com/2017/01/06/president-kiir-appointes-his-brother-in-law-as-gogrial-state-governor/

198

US Department of the Treasury, “United States Sanctions Human Rights Abusers and Corrupt Actors Across the Globe,” Press Release, December 21, 2017, available at: https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0243

199

Benjamin Bol Mel, X (Twitter) profile, available at: https://x.com/benbolmel (last accessed May 17, 2024).

200

Africa Intelligence, “Salva Kiir’s Ubiquitous Advisor Bol Mel Takes Over Presidential Campaign,” January 3, 2024, available at: https://www.africaintelligence.com/eastern-africa-and-the-horn/2024/01/03/salva-kiir-s-ubiquitous-adviser-bol-mel-takes-over-presidential-campaign,110134247-art

201

Mwaura Samora, “Battles Rock Salva Kiir Family in Nairobi,” 2014, available at: https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/city-news/article/2000114839/battles-rock-salva-kiir-family-in-nairobi

202

Benjamin Takpiny, “South Sudan’s President Warns Cabinet Over Corruption,” Anadolu Agency, March 19, 2020, available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/south-sudan-s-president-warns-cabinet-over-corruption/1771208

203

Sudan Tribune, “President Kiir Denounces Corruption Among South Sudan Military Leadership,” January 24, 2019, available at: https://sudantribune.com/article65109/

204

David Smith, “South Sudan President Accuses Officials of Stealing $4bn of Public Money,” The Guardian, June 5, 2012, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/05/south-sudan-president-accuses-officials-stealing

205

Amnesty International, “South Sudan 2023,” available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/africa/east-africa-the-horn-and-great-lakes/south-sudan/report-south-sudan/ (last accessed July 2024).

206

Michelle Kendler-Kretsch and Anrike Visser, “Baby on Board! How Kleptocrats and Associates Use Family Members to Evade Sanctions,” Just Security, September 19, 2023, available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/88369/baby-on-board-how-kleptocrats-and-associates-use-family-members-to-evade-sanctions/

207

Sam Mednick, “Rape Reaches ‘Epic Proportions’ in South Sudan’s Civil War,” Associated Press News, March 25, 2017, available at: https://www.apnews.com/0ed9bcdbb4d641ddae1184babbf4ffef

208

Bank of South Sudan Auction Supervisory Committee, “Result of Foreign Exchange Sale Auction Held on February 3, 2023,” February 3, 2023, available at: https://boss.gov.ss/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Auction-Results-for-Forex-Bureaus-Dated-23.02.2023.pdf

209

Committee to Protect Journalists, “South Sudan Security Details Two Journalists,” November 7, 2011, available at: https://cpj.org/2011/11/south-sudan-security-detains-two-journalists/

210

Caltec Corporation Limited, “Company History,” available at: http://www.calteccorporation.com/index.php/our-company

211

South Sudan, The Companies Act, 2012, February 21, 2012, available at: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/ssd_e/wtaccssd6_leg_11.pdf

212

Africa Intelligence, “The Asian Business Interest of South Sudan’s Presidential Family,” August 7, 2018, available at: https://www.africaintelligence.com/power-brokers/2018/08/07/the-asian-business-interests-of-south-sudan-spresidential-family,108319643-ge1

213

Paanluel Wel, “Salva Kiir Mayardit: The Joshua of South Sudan,” February 14, 2016, available at: https://paanluelwel.com/2016/02/14/salva-kiir-mayaardit-the-joshua-of-south-sudan/

214

The Republic of South Sudan Office of the President, “A Response to The Sentry Report on ‘The Taking of South Sudan: The Tycoons, Brokers, and Multinational Corporations Complicit in Hijacking the World’s Newest State,’” November 12, 2019, available at: https://paanluelwel.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/J-1-Releases-a-40-Page-Report-as-a-Rebuttal-to-the-Sept-2019-Sentry-Report-into-Corruption-in-South-Sudan.pdf

215

Shareholder of Golden Square Logistics Co Ltd response to The Sentry, October 24, 2024.

216

Shareholder of Independence Bank of South Sudan PLC response to The Sentry, September 13, 2019.

217

Shareholder of Sekoko Power SS Ltd response to The Sentry, April 8, 2020.

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